Lipoxygenase Inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The disclosure provides bisindole suitable for inhibiting lipoxygenases or Aβ-formation, and treating associated diseases, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease. The bisindoles are indolo[2,3-b]carbazole derivatives, and may be administered to a patient as part of a pharmaceutical formulation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of PCT/US12/30595, filed Mar 26,2012, which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 61/470,609, filed Apr. 1,2011, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

INTRODUCTION

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their catalyzed products, such as leukotrienes(LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) have been implicated inthe pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cancer andneurodegenerative diseases, and lipoxygenase inhibitors are known to beuseful for the treatment of such diseases, including neurodegenerativediseases, such as Alzheimer's disease; See, e.g. Haeggstrom, Chem. Rev.2011, 111, 5866-589; Manev, H., et al., Prog Neuropsychopharmacol BiolPsychiatry, 2010; Listi, F., et al., J Alzheimers Dis. 2010. 19(2): p.551-7; Chu, J. and D. Pratico, Ann Neurol, 2010.

We have developed a novel class of LOX inhibitors by syntheticallyoptimizing dietary indole, and have shown that these inhibitors exhibitinhibitory activity against 5-, 12- and/or 15-LOX.

Related bisindoles and their uses to treat cancer and infectious diseaseare described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,655 and US2010/0069355AI (Ser. No.12/561,656), e.g. compound 1 (herein) is compound 74 of U.S. Pat. No.6,800,655.

SUMMARY

The invention provides bisindole-based compositions and methods toinhibit lipoxygenases in cells in vitro and in situ.

In one aspect the invention provides a method of inhibiting alipoxygenase in cells determined to be in need thereof, comprisingcontacting the cells with a bisindole of formula (I), which cells may beisolated in vitro, or as part of a body, in situ. In particularembodiments the cells are part of person determined to be in need oflipoxygenase inhibition or suffering from disease associated withpathogenic lipoxygenase activity, particularly a disease other thanbacterial or viral infections, cancer or estrogen-dependent disorders,particularly acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma,rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, hereditaryichthyosis, dermatitis, nephritis, atherosclerosis, cardiovasculardiseases, neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-relatedneurodegeneration, amyloid beta (Aβ)-associated disease, Alzheimer'sDisease, ischemia-related disorder, creutzfeldt-jakob dosease/prionpeptide toxicity, ALS, dementia and Parkinson Disease.

In another aspect the invention provides a method for inhibitingamyloid-beta formation in neuronal cells determined to be in needthereof, comprising contacting the neuronal cells with a bisindole offormula (I), which cells may be isolated in vitro, or as part of a body,in situ.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a personwith a disease associated with pathogenic lipoxygenase activity, otherthan a bacterial or viral infection, cancer or estrogen-dependentdisorder, particularly wherein the disease is an acute or chronicinflammatory disease or a neurodegenerative disease, comprisingadministering to the person a composition comprising a bisindole offormula (I).

Formula (I) is of the general structure:

wherein:

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl,C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀arylcarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonato, C₆-C₂₀ arylcarbonato,carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl, mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono-substitutedarylcarbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, carbamido, cyano, isocyano, cyanato,isocyanato, dihydroxyboryl, di-(C₁-C₂₄)-alkoxyboryl, isothiocyanato,azido, formyl, thioformyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₂₄alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C₅-C₂₀ aryl)-substituted amino,C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido, C₆-C₂₀ arylamido, imino, alkylimino, arylimino,nitro, nitroso, sulfo, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl,C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀arylsulfonyl, phosphono, phosphonato, phosphinato, phospho, phosphino,and combinations thereof, and further wherein any two adjacent (ortho)substituents selected from R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ may belinked to form a cyclic structure selected from five-membered rings,six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/or six-membered rings,wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic, heteroaromatic, orheteroalicyclic, and has zero to 4 non-hydrogen substituents and zero to3 heteroatoms; and R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, formyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, (C₁-C₂₄alkylamino)-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)amino-substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and nitrogen protecting groups.

The invention includes all combinations of particular embodiments,wherein:

-   -   R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷ and R⁸ are hydrogen;    -   R¹¹, and R¹² are hydrogen or methyl;    -   R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷, R⁸, R¹¹, and R¹² are hydrogen;    -   R² and R⁶ are independently selected from H, electron        withdrawing groups, such as halide (e.g. F, Cl, Br, I), CF3,        optionally substituted carboxyl, etc.;    -   R⁹ is selected from H, optionally substituted, optionally        hetero-, optionally cyclic C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, N, which may be an        optionally substituted, optionally cyclic to form an amine,        nitro, etc., optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, such as        methoxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkynyl, and optionally        substituted nitrile, each of which may optionally comprise a        heteroatom, and electron withdrawing groups, such as halide        (e.g. F, Cl, Br, I), CF₃, optionally substituted carboxyl,        ester, etc.; and/or    -   R¹⁰ is selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, such        as methyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, such as        methoxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkynyl, and optionally        substituted nitrile, each of which may optionally comprise a        heteroatom.

In particular embodiments the bisindole is selected from compound 1 anda compound of Table 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

In particular embodiments the bisindole inhibits a lipoxygenase selectedfrom 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, 15-lipoxygenase, and combinationsthereof, and/or inhibits the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ).

In particular embodiments, the method comprises (i) measuring alipoxygenase activity in a sample of the person; (ii) determining alevel of a lipoxygenase metabolite in a sample of the person; and/or(iii) determining the person has the disease.

In particular embodiments the disease is: (i) an acute or chronicinflammatory disease that is asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatorybowel disease, psoriasis, hereditary ichthyosis, dermatitis, nephritis,atherosclerosis, or cardiovascular disease, or (ii) a neurodegenerativedisease that is age-related neurodegeneration, amyloid beta-associateddisease, Alzheimer's Disease, ischemia-related disorder,creutzfeldt-jakob dosease/prion peptide toxicity, ALS, dementia orParkinson Disease.

In particular embodiments the bisindole does not adversely affectglucose metabolism of the cells or person, and/or the bisindole is not akinase inhibitor.

In another aspect the invention provides the bisindole compounds ofTable 1, 2, 3 or 4, and salts, hydrates and pharmaceutical compositions,formulations and unit dosage forms thereof.

In another aspect the invention provides compositions comprising asubject bisindole, and a different, second drug active against a diseaseassociated with pathogenic lipoxygenase activity, particularly a diseaseother than bacterial or viral infections, cancer or estrogen-dependentdisorders, particularly acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such asasthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis,hereditary ichthyosis, dermatitis, nephritis, atherosclerosis,cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-relatedneurodegeneration, amyloid beta (Aβ)-associated disease, Alzheimer'sDisease, ischemia-related disorder, creutzfeldt-jakob dosease/prionpeptide toxicity, ALS, dementia and Parkinson Disease. In a particularembodiment, the second drug is an anti-neurodegenerative disease drug,such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists,hyperzine A, latrepirdine, and hypothalamic proline-rich peptide 1.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying alipoxygenase inhibitor, comprising the step of screening forlipoxygenase inhibitory activity of a subject bisindole.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS

Unless otherwise indicated, the disclosure is not limited to specificprocedures, starting materials, or the like, as such may vary. It isalso to be understood that the terminology used herein is for thepurpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended tobe limiting.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms“a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a reactant”includes not only a single reactant but also a combination or mixture oftwo or more different reactant, reference to “a substituent” includes asingle substituent as well as two or more substituents, and the like.

In describing and claiming the present invention, certain terminologywill be used in accordance with the definitions set out below. It willbe appreciated that the definitions provided herein are not intended tobe mutually exclusive. Accordingly, some chemical moieties may fallwithin the definition of more than one term.

As used herein, the phrase “having the formula” or “having thestructure” is not intended to be limiting and is used in the same waythat the term “comprising” is commonly used. The term “independentlyselected from” is used herein to indicate that the recited elements canbe identical or different.

By the term “effective amount” of a therapeutic agent is meant asufficient amount of a beneficial agent to provide a desirable effect.

As used herein, and unless specifically stated otherwise, an “effectiveamount” of a beneficial refers to an amount covering boththerapeutically effective amounts and prophylactically effectiveamounts.

As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” of an active agentrefers to an amount that is effective to achieve a desirable therapeuticresult, and a “prophylactically effective amount” of an active agentrefers to an amount that is effective to prevent or lessen the severityof an unwanted physiological condition.

By a “pharmaceutically acceptable” component is meant a component thatis not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the component may beincorporated into a pharmaceutical formulation of the disclosure andadministered to a patient as described herein without causing anysignificant undesirable biological effects or interacting in adeleterious manner with any of the other components of the formulationin which it is contained. When the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” isused to refer to an excipient, it is generally implied that thecomponent has met the required standards of toxicological andmanufacturing testing or that it is included on the Inactive IngredientGuide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a branched or unbranchedsaturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarilycontaining 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like, aswell as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl,and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkyl groupsherein contain 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 12carbon atoms. The term “lower alkyl” intends an alkyl group of 1 to 6carbon atoms. Preferred substituents identified as “C₁-C₆ alkyl” or“lower alkyl” contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and particularly preferredsuch substituents contain 1 or 2 carbon atoms (i.e., methyl and ethyl).“Substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl substituted with one or moresubstituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkyl” and“heteroalkyl” refer to alkyl in which at least one carbon atom isreplaced with a heteroatom, as described in further detail infra. If nototherwise indicated, the terms “alkyl” and “lower alkyl” include linear,branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/orheteroatom-containing alkyl or lower alkyl, respectively.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to a linear, branched or cyclichydrocarbon group of 2 to about 24 carbon atoms containing at least onedouble bond, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl,isobutenyl, octenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl,tetracosenyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily,alkenyl groups herein contain 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably 2to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkenyl” intends an alkenyl group of2 to 6 carbon atoms, and the specific term “cycloalkenyl” intends acyclic alkenyl group, preferably having 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The term“substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl substituted with one or moresubstituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkenyl” and“heteroalkenyl” refer to alkenyl in which at least one carbon atom isreplaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms“alkenyl” and “lower alkenyl” include linear, branched, cyclic,unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkenyl andlower alkenyl, respectively.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to a linear or branchedhydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms containing at least one triplebond, such as ethynyl, n-propynyl, and the like. Generally, althoughagain not necessarily, alkynyl groups herein contain 2 to about 18carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkynyl”intends an alkynyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term “substitutedalkynyl” refers to alkynyl substituted with one or more substituentgroups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkynyl” and“heteroalkynyl” refer to alkynyl in which at least one carbon atom isreplaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms“alkynyl” and “lower alkynyl” include linear, branched, unsubstituted,substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkynyl and lower alkynyl,respectively.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein intends an alkyl group bound through asingle, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group may berepresented as —O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above. A “loweralkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms,and includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy,t-butyloxy, etc. Preferred substituents identified as “C₁-C₆ alkoxy” or“lower alkoxy” herein contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and particularlypreferred such substituents contain 1 or 2 carbon atoms (i.e., methoxyand ethoxy).

The term “aryl” as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refersto an aromatic substituent containing a single aromatic ring or multiplearomatic rings that are fused together, directly linked, or indirectlylinked (such that the different aromatic rings are bound to a commongroup such as a methylene or ethylene moiety). Preferred aryl groupscontain 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred aryl groupscontain 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups contain one aromaticring or two fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl,biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine, benzophenone, and the like.“Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl moiety substituted with one or moresubstituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing aryl” and“heteroaryl” refer to aryl substituent, in which at least one carbonatom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the term“aryl” includes unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroaryl.

The term “aryloxy” as used herein refers to an aryl group bound througha single, terminal ether linkage, wherein “aryl” is as defined above. An“aryloxy” group may be represented as —O-aryl where aryl is as definedabove. Preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 20 carbon atoms, andparticularly preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms.Examples of aryloxy groups include, without limitation, phenoxy,o-halo-phenoxy, m-halo-phenoxy, p-halo-phenoxy, o-methoxy-phenoxy,m-methoxy-phenoxy, p-methoxy-phenoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy-phenoxy,3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy, and the like.

The term “alkaryl” refers to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent,and the term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group with an arylsubstituent, wherein “aryl” and “alkyl” are as defined above. Preferredaralkyl groups contain 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferredaralkyl groups contain 6 to 16 carbon atoms. Examples of aralkyl groupsinclude, without limitation, benzyl, 2-phenyl-ethyl, 3-phenyl-propyl,4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4-phenylcyclohexyl, 4-benzylcyclohexyl,4-phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4-benzylcyclohexylmethyl, and the like.Alkaryl groups include, for example, p-methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl,p-cyclohexylphenyl, 2,7-dimethylnaphthyl, 7-cyclooctylnaphthyl,3-ethyl-cyclopenta-1,4-diene, and the like.

The term “cyclic” refers to alicyclic or aromatic substituents that mayor may not be substituted and/or heteroatom containing, and that may bemonocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic. When multicyclic, such groups mayinclude fused rings and/or non-fused rings (i.e., rings that aresubstituents bonded to rings).

The terms “halo” and “halogen” are used in the conventional sense torefer to a chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo substituent.

The term “heteroatom-containing” as in a “heteroatom-containing alkylgroup” (also termed a “heteroalkyl” group) or a “heteroatom-containingaryl group” (also termed a “heteroaryl” group) refers to a molecule,linkage or substituent in which one or more carbon atoms are replacedwith an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur,phosphorus or silicon, typically nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Similarly,the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituent that isheteroatom-containing, the term “heterocyclic” refers to a cyclicsubstituent that is heteroatom-containing, the terms “heteroaryl” andheteroaromatic” respectively refer to “aryl” and “aromatic” substituentsthat are heteroatom-containing, and the like. Examples of heteroalkylgroups include alkoxyaryl, alkylsulfanyl-substituted alkyl, N-alkylatedamino alkyl, and the like. Examples of heteroaryl substituents includepyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrimidinyl,imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc., and examples ofheteroatom-containing alicyclic groups are pyrrolidino, morpholino,piperazino, piperidino, etc.

“Hydrocarbyl” refers to univalent hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 toabout 30 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, morepreferably 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, most preferably about 1 to 12carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated, andunsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups,and the like. “Substituted hydrocarbyl” refers to hydrocarbylsubstituted with one or more substituent groups, and the term“heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl” refers to hydrocarbyl in which atleast one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Unless otherwiseindicated, the term “hydrocarbyl” is to be interpreted as includingsubstituted and/or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl moieties.

By “substituted” as in “substituted alkyl,” “substituted aryl,” and thelike, as alluded to in some of the aforementioned definitions, is meantthat in the alkyl, aryl, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atombound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or morenon-hydrogen substituents. Examples of such substituents include,without limitation: functional groups such as halo, hydroxyl,sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₀acyloxy, acyl (including C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl (—CO-alkyl) and C₆-C₂₀arylcarbonyl (—CO-aryl)), acyloxy (—O-acyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl(—(CO)—O-alkyl), C₆-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl (—(CO)—O-aryl), halocarbonyl(—CO)—X where X is halo), C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-alkyl),C₆-C₂₀ arylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-aryl), carboxy (—COOH), carboxylato(—COO⁻), carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl (—(CO)—NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂), mono-substituted arylcarbamoyl(—(CO)—NH—aryl), thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—NH₂), carbamido (—NH—(CO)—NH₂),cyano(—C≡N), isocyano (—N⁺≡C⁻), cyanato (—O—C≡N), isocyanato (—O—N⁺≡C⁻),isothiocyanato (—S—C≡N), azido (—N═N⁺═N⁻), formyl (—(CO)—H), thioformyl(—(CS)—H), amino (—NH₂), mono- and di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino,mono- and di-(C₅-C₂₀ aryl)-substituted amino, C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido(—NH—(CO)-alkyl), C₆-C₂₀ arylamido (—NH—(CO)-aryl), imino (—CR═NH whereR=hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl,heteroatoms such as nitrogen, etc.), alkylimino (—CR═N(alkyl), whereR=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, etc.), arylimino (—CR═N(aryl), whereR=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, etc.), nitro (—NO₂), nitroso (—NO),sulfo (—SO₂—OH), sulfonato (—SO₂—O⁻), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl (—S-alkyl;also termed “alkylthio”), arylsulfanyl (—S-aryl; also termed“arylthio”), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl (—(SO)-alkyl), C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl(—(SO)-aryl), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl (—SO₂-alkyl), C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfonyl(—SO₂-aryl), phosphono (—P(O)(OH)₂), phosphonato (—P(O)(O⁻)₂),phosphinato (—P(O)(O⁻)), phospho (—PO₂), and phosphino (—PH₂); and thehydrocarbyl moieties C₁-C₂₄ alkyl (preferably C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, morepreferably C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, most preferably C₁-C₆ alkyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl(preferably C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, more preferably C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, mostpreferably C₂-C₆ alkenyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl (preferably C₂-C₁₈ alkynyl,more preferably C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, most preferably C₂-C₆ alkynyl), C₅-C₂₀aryl (preferably C₅-C₁₄ aryl), C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl (preferably C₆-C₁₈alkaryl), and C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl (preferably C₆-C₁₈ aralkyl).

In addition, the aforementioned functional groups may, if a particulargroup permits, be further substituted with one or more additionalfunctional groups or with one or more hydrocarbyl moieties such as thosespecifically enumerated above. In particular, any of the above-mentionedgroups may, where permitted, be halogenated (including perhalogenated)or contain halogenated substituents. Representative examples includeperhalogenated C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl or acyloxy groups.

Analogously, the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl moieties may be furthersubstituted with one or more functional groups or additional hydrocarbylmoieties such as those specifically enumerated.

When the term “substituted” appears prior to a list of possiblesubstituted groups, it is intended that the term apply to every memberof that group. For example, the phrase “substituted alkyl, alkenyl, andaryl” is to be interpreted as “substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl,and substituted aryl.” Analogously, when the term“heteroatom-containing” appears prior to a list of possibleheteroatom-containing groups, it is intended that the term apply toevery member of that group. For example, the phrase“heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl” is to be interpreted as“heteroatom-containing alkyl, substituted alkenyl, and substitutedaryl.”

The aforementioned groups are not necessarily mutually exclusive, andthat any given group may fall within more than one definition. Forexample, a benzyl group (i.e., —CH₂—C₆H₅) can be classified as anaralkyl group and as a substituted alkyl group. Throughout thisspecification, and unless specified otherwise, recitation of onedefinition (e.g., “alkyl”) and non-recitation of an overlappingdefinition(s) (e.g., “aralkyl”) is not intended to exclude those groupsthat fall within both definitions. For example, for a substituent R^(x)defined as “H or alkyl,” such definition should be interpreted toinclude alkyl groups that may also fall within other classifying terms(e.g., benzyl).

The subject methods involve compounds having the structure of Formula(I)

wherein

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl,C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀arylcarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonato, C₆-C₂₀ arylcarbonato,carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl, mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono-substitutedarylcarbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, carbamido, cyano, isocyano, cyanato,isocyanato, dihydroxyboryl, di-(C₁-C₂₄)-alkoxyboryl, isothiocyanato,azido, formyl, thioformyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₂₄alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C₅-C₂₀ aryl)-substituted amino,C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido, C₆-C₂₀ arylamido, imino, alkylimino, arylimino,nitro, nitroso, sulfo, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl,C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀arylsulfonyl, phosphono, phosphonato, phosphinato, phospho, phosphino,and combinations thereof, and further wherein any two adjacent (ortho)substituents selected from R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ may belinked to form a cyclic structure selected from five-membered rings,six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/or six-membered rings,wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic, heteroaromatic, orheteroalicyclic, and has zero to 4 non-hydrogen substituents and zero to3 heteroatoms; and R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, formyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, (C₁-C₂₄alkylamino)-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)amino-substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and nitrogen protecting groups.

In some embodiments, R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷, and R⁸ in formula (I) areselected from hydrogen and halo. In some preferred embodiments, R³ andR⁷ are the same, and in other preferred embodiments, R³ and R⁷ aredifferent. In some preferred embodiments, R¹ and R⁵ are the same, and inother preferred embodiments, R¹ and R⁵ are different. In some preferredembodiments, R⁴ and R⁸ are the same, and in other preferred embodiments,R⁴ and R⁸ are different.

In some embodiments, R² and R⁶ in formula (I) are independently selectedfrom hydrogen, halo, formyl, cyano, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl (including substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkyl such as perhalogenated, ether-substituted, andamino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and heteroatom-containing C₁-C₂₄ alkyl),C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy (including heteroatom-containing C₁-C₂₄alkoxy), C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, carbamoyl (including unsubstituted carbamoyl(i.e., —(CO)—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-(C₁-C₁₂alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, and heteroatom-containing C₁-C₁₂ alkylsubstituted carbamoyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl, and amino (includingmono- and di-(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl)-substituted amino, C₃-C₁₂ cyclic amino,heteroatom-containing C₂-C₁₂ cyclic amino, and salts thereof). In somepreferred embodiments, R² and R⁶ are independently selected fromhydrogen, halo, formyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl (including perhalogenated alkyl),and C₂-C₂₄ alkyloxycarbonyl (including perhalogenated alkyloxycarbonyl).In some preferred embodiments, R² and/or R⁶ is alkyl which may beunsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents as describedherein. Such substituents include, for example, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy(including substituted alkoxy such as polyethers), aryloxy, and amines(including mono-alkyl-substituted amines, di-alkyl-substituted amines,cyclic amines, substituted cyclic amines, and heteroatom-containingcyclic amines). In some preferred embodiments, R² and R⁶ areindependently selected from electron withdrawing groups. As will beappreciated by the skilled artisan, the term “electron withdrawing”refers to a group that is more electronegative than a reference group,i.e., a hydrogen atom. Examples of electron withdrawing groups includehalo, carbonyl groups (e.g., C₂-C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄alkylcarbonyl, and formyl), cyano, nitro, and haloginated alkyl (e.g.,fluorinated alkyl, etc.). In some preferred embodiments, R² and R⁶ arethe same, and in other preferred embodiments, R² and R⁶ are different.

In some embodiments, R⁹ in formula (I) is selected from hydrogen, halo,cyano, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl (including substituted and unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄alkyl, heteroatom-containing C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl),C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl (including substituted, unsubstituted, andheteroatom-containing C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl), and amino (including mono- anddi-(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl)-substituted amino, C₃-C₁₂ cyclic amino,heteroatom-containing C₁-C₁₂ amino, and heteroatom-containing C₂-C₁₂cyclic amino). For example, in some preferred embodiments, R⁹ isselected from hydrogen, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl (including alkenyl substituted with a groupselected from amines, amides, and esters), and —NR^(d1)R^(d2), whereinR^(d1) and R^(d2) are independently selected from hydrogen,unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, and substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, or whereinR^(d1) and R^(d2) are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-member cyclethat may further include one or more heteroatoms, one or moresubstituents, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, R⁹ is anelectron withdrawing group.

In some embodiments, R¹⁰ in formula (I) is selected from C₁-C₂₄ alkyl,C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, and C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy. For example, in someembodiments R¹⁰ is selected from unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkyl (including fluorinated and perfluorinated C₁-C₂₄ alkyl),heteroatom containing C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl,substituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, heteroatom containing C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl,unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, heteroatomcontaining C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, and heteroatom containing C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments R¹⁰ is selected from unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy,substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, and heteroatom containing C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy(including substituted heteroatom-containing C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy), and mayinclude one or more linear, branched, and/or cyclic moieties. Forexample, in some embodiments, R₁₀ is —O-L₁-CHR^(x1)R^(x2),—O-L-N(R^(yl))(R^(y2))(R^(y3))_(n2)(X)_(n3), —O-L-SR^(x1), or has thestructure:

wherein:

L is a linker selected from a C₁-C₁₂ straight chain, C₂-C₁₂ branched, orC₃-C₁₂ cyclic alkylene group that may be substituted, unsubstituted,heteroatom containing, or a combination thereof, and an alkylene oxideoligomer (such as, for example, (—CH2-CH2-O—)_(n1), where n1 is in therange 2-12);

L₁ is a linker selected from a bond, a C₁-C₁₂ straight chain, C₂-C₁₂branched, or C₃-C₁₂ cyclic alkylene group that may be substituted,unsubstituted, heteroatom containing, or a combination thereof, and analkylene oxide oligomer (such as, for example, (—CH₂-CH₂-O—)_(n1), wheren1 is in the range 2-12);

R^(y1) and R^(y2) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl,amino (including substituted amino), imino (including nitrogensubstituted imino such that Q1 is a guanidine, substituted guanidine, orcyclic guanidine group), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl (including halogenatedalkylsulfonyl), and C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfonyl, any of which may be furthersubstituted and/or heteroatom-containing where such groups permit, orwherein R^(y1) and R² are taken together to form a cyclic or polycyclicgroup that may be unsubstituted, substituted, and/or furtherheteroatom-containing;

R^(y3) is selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

n2 and n3 are the same and are selected from 0 and 1;

X is a negatively charged counterion;

R^(x1) and R^(x2) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, anyof which may be further substituted and/or heteroatom-containing wheresuch groups permit, or wherein R^(x1) and R^(x2) are taken together toform a cyclic or polycyclic group that may be unsubstituted,substituted, and/or further heteroatom-containing; and

R^(z1) is selected from C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl,C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, and C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, any of which may be furthersubstituted and/or heteroatom-containing where such groups permit,

Q₁ and Q₂ are selected from a bond and —CH₂—;

Q₃ is selected from a bond, —CH(R^(a3))—, —O—, and —NR^(a4)—, providedthat Q₃ is not a bond when both Q₁ and Q₂ are bonds;

R^(a1) and R^(a2) are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl,amino, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl-substituted amino, and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R^(a3) and R^(a4) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl, unsubstituted amino, and mono- or di-(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl)-substitutedamino;

Q₄, Q₅, and Q₆ are selected from —CHR^(b1)— and —NR^(b1)—, where R^(b1)is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl-substitutedamino, and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

p1 is an integer in the range of 0-2;

Q7 is selected from —CH< and —N<;

Q⁸, Q⁹, Q¹⁰, and Q¹¹ are independently selected from —CH(R^(e1))—,═C(R^(e1))—, —NR^(e1)—, and —N═, where R^(e1) is selected from hydrogen,hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl-substituted amino, and C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,provided that: (1) any two of Q⁸, Q⁹, Q¹⁰, and Q¹¹ that are adjacenteach other may be linked by a double bond, with the proviso that no morethan two double bonds are present, and, when two double bonds arepresent, a single bond is present between them; and (2) any two adjacentR^(c1) groups (i.e., R^(c1) groups that are attached to adjacent atomsin the ring) may be taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered ring thatmay be further substituted and may have one or more heteroatoms;

R^(c1), R^(c2), and R^(c3) are independently selected from hydrogen,C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and C₅-C₂₀ aryl, any of which may be further substitutedand/or heteroatom-containing where such groups permit, provided that andtwo of R^(c1), R^(c2), and R^(c3) may be taken together to form a cyclicor polycyclic group that may be unsubstituted, substituted, and/orfurther heteroatom-containing.

For example, in some embodiments, L is —(CH₂)_(m)—, where m is aninteger from 1 to 6. Also for example, in some embodiments, X is halo,such as F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, or I⁻.

In some embodiments, R¹¹ and R¹² in formula (I) are independentlyselected from hydrogen, formyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl (including substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkyl and heteroatom-containing C₁-C₂₄ alkyl such asether-substituted and amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl,and amine protecting groups. Examples of amine protecting groups includecarbamates such as Fmoc and Boc. Additional amine protecting groupexamples can be found in the pertinent literature (e.g., Greene et al.,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed. (New York: Wiley,1999). In some preferred embodiments, R¹¹ and R¹² are the same, and inother preferred embodiments, R¹¹ and R¹² are different. For example, insome preferred embodiments, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected fromhydrogen, formyl, C ₁-C₁₂ alkoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl,and C₁-C₂₄ alkyl substituted with a group selected from cyano, C₅-C₂₀aryl, and —NR^(z1)R^(z2), wherein R^(z1) and R^(z2) are independentlyselected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, and substitutedC₁-C₁₂ alkyl, or wherein R^(z1) and R^(z2) are taken together to form a5-, 6-, or 7-member cycle that may further include one or moreheteroatoms, one or more substituents, or a combination thereof.

In some preferred embodiments of formula (I), R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁸, arehydrogen. These compounds have the structure of formula (Ia)

wherein R², R⁶, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² are as defined above.

In some embodiments of formula (I), R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷ and R⁸ arehydrogen, and/or R¹¹, and R¹² are H or Me.

In some embodiments of formula (I), R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷, R⁸, R¹¹, and R¹²are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, one of R¹¹ and R¹² is a group having the formula ofstructure (I), attached through one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, orR⁸. For example, when R¹² is a group having the formula of structure(I), and when the attachment point is through R², the compound will havethe structure of formula (Ib):

We have screened bisindoles of formula (I) for inhibition oflipoxygenases and inhibition of amyloid-beta (Abeta) formation. Activebisindoles include those of U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,655 and US2010/0069355AI, which publications provide synthetic schemes, and preferred suchbisindole compounds are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1. Subject bisindoles of U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,655

-   5-Carbethoxy-6-ethoxycarbonyloxy-7H-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-Ethoxycarbonyloxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-Methyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy    -6-ethoxycarbonyloxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dibromo-6-ethoxycarbonyloxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-methyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-(heptafluoropropyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-ethoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-(pentafluoroethyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-(n-propyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-(1,1,1-trifluoroethyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,6,10-tricarbethoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-ethoxycarbonyloxy-5,7-dimethyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-Methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-Ethoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-Methyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-(Trifluoromethyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-(Pentafluoroethyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   6-(n-Propyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   5,7-Dimethyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-6-carboxylic acid    ethyl ester;-   6-Ethoxycarbonyloxy-5,7-dimethyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   [2-(5,7-Dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-ethyl[dimethyl-amine;-   6-(2-Dimethylamino-ethoxy)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dicarbethoxy-6-(2-Dimethylamino-ethoxy)-5,7-bis(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Dibromo-5,7-dimethyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-6-carboxylic    acid ethyl ester;-   2,10-Dibromo-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-6-carboxylic acid    ethyl ester;-   Carbonic acid 2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yl    ester ethyl ester;-   Carbonic acid    2,10-bis-dimethylcarbamoyl-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yl    ester ethyl ester;-   6-Methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-2,10-dicarboxylic acid    bis-dimethylamide;-   5,7-Dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-2,10-dicarboxylic acid    bis-dimethylamide;-   2,10-Bis-methanesulfinyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole;-   2,10-Bis-methylsulfanyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole; and-   2,10-Bis-methanesulfonyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole.

Table 2. Subject bisindoles: Examples 1-165 of US2010/0069355.

-   2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine-   2,10-difluoro-6-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-diethylethanamine-   N-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)-N-methylbutan-1-amine-   2,10-difluoro-6-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethanamine-   3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propan-1-amine-   2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethanamine-   3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propan-1-amine-   2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-diethylethanamine-   2,10-dichloro-6-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine-   2,10-dichloro-6-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium    iodide-   2-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   2-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-diethylethanamine-   2,10-dibromo-6-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   3-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine-   2,10-dibromo-6-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-dibromo-6-(2-(4-sec-butylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   N-(2-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)-N-methylbutan-1-amine-   2,10-dibromo-6-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(3,9-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   3,9-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N-methylethanamine-   4-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)morpholine-   2,10-difluoro-6-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)piperidin-4-amine-   (S)-1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine-   2,10-difluoro-6-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-(2-(3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-difluoro-6-(2-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine-   2,10-difluoro-6-(piperidin-4-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-difluoro-6-(piperidin-3-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (1S,4S)-4-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)cyclohexanamine-   2,10-difluoro-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (R)-2,10-difluoro-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (S)-2,10-difluoro-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-dichloro-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (R)-2,10-dichloro-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (S)-2,10-dichloro-6-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-dichloro-6-(piperidin-4-ylmethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (S)-2,10-dichloro-6-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-dichloro-6-(2-(piperidin-4-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)piperidin-4-amine-   1-(2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-amine-   (S)-1-(2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine-   (S)-1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine-   N1-(2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine-   6-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylhexan-1-amine-   4-(2-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)morpholine-   2-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N-methylethanamine-   2,10-dibromo-6-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-dibromo-6-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-diethylethanamine-   6-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   44245,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)morpholine-   2-(5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   6-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N-methylethanamine-   N-(2-(5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)-N-methylbutan-1-amine-   6-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-(2-(4-sec-butylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   4-(3-(5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)morpholine-   6-(2-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)ethoxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (S)-1-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine-   1-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-amine-   1-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)azetidin-3-ol-   1-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol-   N-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)-1,1,1-trifluoromethanesulfonamide-   2-(4-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol-   (S)-1-(2-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethylpyrrolidin-3-amine-   6-(2-(4-(1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-difluoro-6-(2-(4-(pyrazin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-(2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethoxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-difluoro-6-(2-(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole    and    2,10-difluoro-6-(2-(5-methyl-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-(2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)ethoxy)-2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   1-(2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine    and    2-(2-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)ethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-amine-   1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol-   N-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)piperidin-4-amine-   N-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-amine.-   6-(3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propoxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole    and    6-(3-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)propoxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-amine    and    1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine-   6-(5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)pentyloxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole    and-   6-(5-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)pentyloxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(5-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)pentyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-amine    and    1-(5-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)pentyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine-   (1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)piperidin-3-yl)methanamine-   1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)piperidin-4-ol-   1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)azetidin-3-ol-   1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine-   N-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)piperidin-4-amine.-   N-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)quinuclidin-3-amine.-   6-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propoxy)-2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole.-   2,10-dichloro-6-(3-(5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)propoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole    and    2,10-dichloro-6-(3-(5-methyl-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole.-   N-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide.-   2-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-amine    and    1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine-   N-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)thiazol-2-amine-   6-(3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propoxy)-2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole    and    6-(3-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)propoxy)-2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine    and    4-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine-   7-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-7H-purin-6-ol    and    9-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-9H-purin-6-ol-   8-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propylthio)-9H-purin-6-amine-   4-(2-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propylamino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol-   9-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-9H-purin-6-amine    and-   7-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-7H-purin-6-amine-   1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione    and    3-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-   4-amino-1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(1H)-one    and    6-amino-1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(1H)-one-   4-(3-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)morpholine-   4-(4-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)butyl)morpholine-   4-(5-(2,10-dibromo-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)pentyl)morpholine-   1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)guanidine-   1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-2-ethylguanidine-   1,2-dicyclohexyl-3-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)guanidine-   1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-2,3-diisopropylguanidine-   N-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine-   (E)-1-(3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)-2-methylguanidine-   1-(3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)guanidine-   N-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propan-1-amine-   N-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propan-1-amine-   N-((1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propan-1-amine-   3-((3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)propyl)(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)amino)propanoic    acid.-   2-(12-bromo-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   6-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-12-carbonitrile-   2-(2,10-difluoro-12-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   2-(12-bromo-2,10-dichloro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   2-(2,10-dichloro-12-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine-   12-bromo-2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   12-cyclopropyl-2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-12-methyl-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   (E)-3-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-yl)acrylamide-   2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-12-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-N-methyl-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-amine-   N1-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-yl)-N2,N2-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine-   N1-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-yl)propane-1,3-diamine-   N1-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-yl)-N3,N3-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine.-   N1-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine-   2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-12-(piperazin-1-yl)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   N-butyl-2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-amine-   2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-12-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   4-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-12-yl)morpholine-   3-(5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yl)-N,N-dimethylprop-2-yn-1-amine-   3-(5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine-   3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yl)-N,N-dimethylprop-2-yn-1-amine-   3-(2,10-difluoro-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine-   2,10-Difluoro-6-methyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2,10-Difluoro-6-trifluoromethyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-ethyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-trifluoromethyl-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   2-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxyindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-5(7H)-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine    and-   2,2′-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxyindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-5,7-diyl)bis(N,N-dimethylethanamine)-   2-(2,10-difluoro-6-methylindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-5(7H)-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine    and 2,2′-(-   2,10-difluoro-6-methylindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-5,7-diyl)bis(N,N-dimethylethanamine)-   3,3′-(2,10-difluoro-6-methylindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-5,7-diyl)bis(N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine)    (2%).-   2,2′-(2,10-difluoro-6-methoxyindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-5,7-diyl)diethanamine-   2,2′-(2,10-dibromo-6-methoxyindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-5,7-diyl)diethanamine-   4,4′-(2,10-dibromo-6-methoxyindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-5,7-diyl)dibutan-1-amine-   4,4′-(6-methoxyindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-5,7-diyl)dibutan-1-amine-   2-(2,10-divinyl-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazol-6-    yloxy)-N,N-diethylethanamine-   6-Methoxy-2,10-dimethyl-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   Bis(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)    6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-2,10-dicarboxylate-   N2,N10-bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-2,10-dicarboxamide-   N1,N1′-(6-methoxy-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-2,10-diyl)bis(methylene)bis(N2,N2-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine)-   Diethyl    6-(2-aminoethoxy)-5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole-2,10-dicarboxylate-   6-Ethoxycarbonyloxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole-   6-Methyl-indolo[2,3-b]carbazole

As described herein in more detail, subject bisindole compounds can beused in pharmaceutically acceptable alternative forms, such aspharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs (e.g. sulfamates,phosphates, esters, ethers, amides, etc.), and the like. Unlessotherwise specified, all references herein to compounds according toFormula (I) are intended to include such alternative forms.Pharmaceutically acceptable and pharmaceutically active combinations ofsuch forms, such as salts of prodrugs, are possible and within the scopeof the disclosure as well. Some examples of salts and prodrugs areprovided herein.

Administration

In some embodiments, subject compounds are used to prepare a compositionthat is effective in treating neurodegenerative diseases (also referredto herein as “neurodegenerative conditions”). Examples ofneurodegenerative diseases include age-related neurodegeneration,Alzheimer's Disease, ischemia-related disorder, creutzfeldt-jakobdosease/prion peptide toxicity, ALS, dementia, and Parkinson Disease. Insome embodiments, treatment of a neurodegenerative disease involvesadministering a formulation containing a subject compound. As describedin more detail herein, the composition may comprise one or more activeagents and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives.Furthermore, the compositions may be formulated into any suitable dosageform.

In some embodiments, the subject compositions contain a compoundaccording to Formula (I) as the sole active agent; such formulations mayinclude pharmaceutically inactive components such as carriers and thelike.

In some embodiments, subject compounds are administered in combinationwith one or more additional anti-neurodegenerative disease drug(s). Theadditional drug may be present along with a subject compound in a singleformulation, and therefore administered at the same time. Alternatively,the additional drug may be in a separate formulation, and may beadministered according to a regimen that is separate from the regimenfor administration of the formulation containing a subject compounds. Insuch embodiments the two regimens may be related; for example the secondformulation is administered along with, or immediately before, orimmediately after administration of the first formulation. Examples ofadditional anti-neurodegenerative disease drugs includeacetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., tacrine, rivastigmine,galantamine, donepezil, etc.), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptorantagonists (e.g., memantine), hyperzine A, latrepirdine, hypothalamicproline-rich peptide 1 (PRP-1), and the like.

Subject compounds may be administered as a free base, or in the form ofa salt, ester, amide, prodrug, active metabolite, analog, or the like,provided that the salt, prodrug, active metabolite or analog ispharmaceutically acceptable and pharmacologically active in the presentcontext. Salts, esters, amides, prodrugs, active metabolites, analogs,and other derivatives of the active agents may be prepared usingstandard procedures known to those skilled in the art of syntheticorganic chemistry and described, for example, by J. March, AdvancedOrganic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, 5th Ed. (NewYork: Wiley-Interscience, 2001), and Green, Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis, 3rd Ed. (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999).

A pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared from anypharmaceutically acceptable organic acid or base, any pharmaceuticallyacceptable inorganic acid or base, or combinations thereof.

Suitable organic acids for preparing acid addition salts include, e.g.,C₁-C₆ alkyl and C₆-C₁₂ aryl carboxylic acids, di-carboxylic acids, andtri-carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid,maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid, citric acid,pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid,cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, andterephthalic acid, and aryl and alkyl sulfonic acids such asmethanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid,and the like. Suitable inorganic acids for preparing acid addition saltsinclude, e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid,sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid, and the like. An acidaddition salt may be reconverted to the free base by treatment with asuitable base.

Suitable organic bases for preparing basic addition salts include, e.g.,primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as trimethylamine,triethylamine, tripropylamine, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine,2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, glucamine,glucosamine, histidine, and polyamine resins, cyclic amines such ascaffeine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and purine, and salts ofamines such as betaine, choline, and procaine, and the like. Suitableinorganic bases for preparing basic addition salts include, e.g., saltsderived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric, ferrous,aluminum, lithium, magnesium, or zinc such as sodium hydroxide,potassium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and potassiumcarbonate, and the like. A basic addition salt may be reconverted to thefree acid by treatment with a suitable acid.

Prodrugs and active metabolites may also be prepared using techniquesknown to those skilled in the art or described in the pertinentliterature. Prodrugs are typically prepared by covalent attachment of amoiety that results in a compound that is therapeutically inactive untilmodified by an individual's metabolic system. For example, a compoundaccording to Formula (I) may be in the form of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable prodrug such as the sulfamate prodrug.

Other derivatives and analogs of the active agents may be prepared usingstandard techniques known to those skilled in the art of syntheticorganic chemistry, or may be deduced by reference to the pertinentliterature.

Any of the compounds of the disclosure may be the active agent in asubject formulation. Formulations containing the compounds of thedisclosure may include 1, 2, 3 or more of the subject compounds, and mayalso include one or more additional active agents such as analgesics andother antibiotics. By “any of the compounds of the disclosure” is meantany compound selected from a subject compound per se (i.e. as a freebase) and salts, prodrugs, etc. thereof.

The amount of active agent in the formulation typically ranges fromabout 0.05 wt % to about 95 wt % based on the total weight of theformulation. For example, the amount of active agent may range fromabout 0.05 wt % to about 50 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 25 wt%. Alternatively, the amount of active agent in the formulation may bemeasured so as to achieve a desired dose.

Formulations containing a subject compound may be presented in unit doseform or in multi-dose containers with an optional preservative toincrease shelf life.

The compositions of the disclosure may be administered to the patient byany appropriate method. In general, both systemic and localized methodsof administration are acceptable. It will be obvious to those skilled inthe art that the selection of a method of administration will beinfluenced by a number of factors, such as the condition being treated,frequency of administration, dosage level, and the wants and needs ofthe patient. For example, certain methods may be better suited for rapiddelivery of high doses of active agent, while other methods may bebetter suited for slow, steady delivery of active agent. Examples ofmethods of administration that are suitable for delivery of thecompounds of the disclosure include parental and transmembraneabsorption (including delivery via the digestive and respiratorytracts). Formulations suitable for delivery via these methods are wellknown in the art.

For example, formulations containing the compounds of the disclosure maybe administered parenterally, such as via intravenous, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, or intramuscular injection, using bolus injectionand/or continuous infusion. Generally, parenteral administration employsliquid formulations.

The compositions may also be administered via the digestive tract,including orally and rectally. Examples of formulations that areappropriate for administration via the digestive tract include tablets,capsules, pastilles, chewing gum, aqueous solutions, and suppositories.

The formulations may also be administered via transmucosaladministration. Transmucosal delivery includes delivery via the oral(including buccal and sublingual), nasal, vaginal, and rectal mucosalmembranes. Formulations suitable for transmucosal deliver are well knownin the art and include tablets, chewing gums, mouthwashes, lozenges,suppositories, gels, creams, liquids, and pastes.

The formulations may also be administered transdermally. Transdermaldelivery may be accomplished using, for example, topically appliedcreams, liquids, pastes, gels and the like as well as what is oftenreferred to as transdermal “patches.”

The formulations may also be administered via the respiratory tract.Pulmonary delivery may be accomplished via oral or nasal inhalation,using aerosols, dry powders, liquid formulations, or the like. Aerosolinhalers and imitation cigarettes are examples of pulmonary dosageforms.

Liquid formulations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Forexample, solutions may be aqueous solutions of the active agent and mayinclude one or more of propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and thelike. Aqueous suspensions can be made by dispersing the finely dividedactive agent in water with viscous material, such as natural orsynthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,or other well known suspending agents. Also included are formulations ofsolid form which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, toliquid form.

Tablets and lozenges may comprise, for example, a flavored base such ascompressed lactose, sucrose and acacia or tragacanth and an effectiveamount of an active agent. Pastilles generally comprise the active agentin an inert base such as gelatin and glycerine or sucrose and acacia.

For topical administration to the epidermis the chemical compoundaccording to the disclosure may be formulated as ointments, creams orlotions, or as a transdermal patch. Ointments and creams may, forexample, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition ofsuitable thickening and/or gelling agents. Lotions may be formulatedwith an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one ormore emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents,suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.

Transdermal patches typically comprise: (1) a impermeable backing layerwhich may be made up of any of a wide variety of plastics or resins,e.g. aluminized polyester or polyester alone or other impermeable films;and (2) a reservoir layer comprising, for example, a compound of thedisclosure in combination with mineral oil, polyisobutylene, andalcohols gelled with USP hydroxymethylcellulose. As another example, thereservoir layer may comprise acrylic-based polymer adhesives withresinous crosslinking agents which provide for diffusion of the activeagent from the reservoir layer to the surface of the skin. Thetransdermal patch may also have a delivery rate-controlling membranesuch as a microporous polypropylene disposed between the reservoir andthe skin. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and other microporousmembranes may also be used. Typically, an adhesive layer is providedwhich may comprise an adhesive formulation such as mineral oil andpolyisobutylene combined with the active agent.

Other typical transdermal patches may comprise three layers: (1) anouter layer comprising a laminated polyester film; (2) a middle layercontaining a rate-controlling adhesive, a structural non-woven materialand the active agent; and (3) a disposable liner that must be removedprior to use. Transdermal delivery systems may also involveincorporation of highly lipid soluble carrier compounds such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), to facilitate penetration of the skin. Other carriercompounds include lanolin and glycerin.

Rectal or vaginal suppositories comprise, for example, an active agentin combination with glycerin, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol,monostearate, hydrogenated palm kernel oil and fatty acids. Anotherexample of a suppository formulation includes ascorbyl palmitate,silicon dioxide, white wax, and cocoa butter in combination with aneffective amount of an active agent.

Nasal spray formulations may comprise a solution of active agent inphysiologic saline or other pharmaceutically suitable carder liquids.Nasal spray compression pumps are also well known in the art and can becalibrated to deliver a predetermined dose of the solution.

Aerosol formulations suitable for pulmonary administration include, forexample, formulations wherein the active agent is provided in apressurized pack with a suitable propellant. Suitable propellantsinclude chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as dichlorodifluoromethane,trichlorofluoromethane, or dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, orother suitable gases. The aerosol may also contain a surfactant such aslecithin. The dose of drug may be controlled by provision of a meteredvalve.

Dry powder suitable for pulmonary administration include, for example, apowder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose,starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose andpolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Conveniently the powder carrier will form agel in the nasal cavity. Unit doses for dry powder formulations may be,for example, in the form of capsules or cartridges of, e.g., gelatin, orblister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of aninhaler.

In addition to the foregoing components, it may be necessary ordesirable in some cases (depending, for instance, on the particularcomposition or method of administration) to incorporate any of a varietyof additives, e.g., components that improve drug delivery, shelf-life,patient acceptance, etc. Suitable additives include acids, antioxidants,antimicrobials, buffers, colorants, crystal growth inhibitors, defoamingagents, diluents, emollients, fillers, flavorings, gelling agents,fragrances, lubricants, propellants, thickeners, salts, solvents,surfactants, other chemical stabilizers, or mixtures thereof. Examplesof these additives can be found, for example, in M. Ash and I. Ash,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives (Hampshire, England: GowerPublishing, 1995), the contents of which are herein incorporated byreference.

In some embodiments, the subject compounds are administered in the formof a composition comprising one or more additives.

Appropriate dose and regimen schedules will be apparent based on thepresent disclosure and on information generally available to the skilledartisan. Administration may be carried out over weeks, months, or years.In some embodiments, controlled, low-level dosages are provided over along period of time, whereas in some embodiments, higher level dosagesare administered for a short period of time. Other dosage regimens,including less frequent or one-time administration of high-intensitydosages, are also within the scope of the disclosure.

The amount of active agent in formulations that contain the compounds ofthe disclosure may be calculated to achieve a specific dose (i.e., unitweight of active agent per unit weight of patient) of active agent.Furthermore, the treatment regimen may be designed to sustain apredetermined systemic level of active agent. For example, formulationsand treatment regimen may be designed to provide an amount of activeagent that ranges from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day foran adult. As a further example, the amount of active agent may rangefrom about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day toabout 25 mg/kg/day, or about 1 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day. One ofskill in the art will appreciate that dosages may vary depending on avariety of factors, including method and frequency of administration,and physical characteristics of the patient.

The subject compounds may inhibit one or more lipoxygenases, e.g. by atleast 50%, or by at least 75%, or by at least 85%, or by at least 95%,or by at least 98%. In some embodiments, the compounds are selectiveinhibitors, and are inhibitors of a subsection of the LOX family ofenzymes. For example, Compound (1) is an inhibitor that is selective for12-LOX, and does not significantly affect the activity of other LOXs(i.e., 5-LOX and 15-LOX), and also does not significantly affect theactivity of cyclooxygenases (i.e., COX-1 and COX-2).

In some embodiments, the compounds inhibit the formation of amyloid beta(Aβ). For example, formation of Aβ after administration of a subjectcompound may be reduced by at least 50%, or by at least 75%, or by atleast 85%, or by at least 95%, or by at least 98%.

Subject compounds are useful in therapies for treating diseasesassociated with pathogenic lipoxygenase activity, particularly a diseaseother than bacterial or viral infections, cancer or estrogen-dependentdisorders, particularly acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such asasthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis,hereditary ichthyosis, dermatitis, nephritis, atherosclerosis,cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-relatedneurodegeneration, amyloid beta (Aβ)-associated disease, Alzheimer'sDisease, ischemia-related disorder, creutzfeldt-jakob dosease/prionpeptide toxicity, ALS, dementia and Parkinson Disease.

For example, the methods may involve administering a subject compound toa patient in need thereof (e.g. a patient suffering from aneurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's Disease, or a patient atrisk for such conditions, or a patient exhibiting symptoms of suchconditions, etc.). In some embodiments, subject compounds are used in amethod for reducing or eliminating the severity of symptoms associatedwith a subject disease. For example, the method may involve contactingnervous system cells or cells located in a nervous system, or contactingtissue associated with a nervous system, and such contacting results inone or more of the following: the inhibition of furtherneurodegeneration; the inhibition of abnormal cell growth anddevelopment; the inhibition of growth of non-cell objects in a nervoussystem; the reduction of neuroinflammation; the reduction in severity ofsymptoms associated with a neurodegenerative disease, and the like.

In some embodiments, subject compounds are used to prepare a compositionthat is effective in treating a subject disease. As described in moredetail herein, the composition may comprise one or more active agentsand one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives. Furthermore, thecompositions may be formulated into any suitable dosage form.

In some embodiments, treatment of a subject disease involvesadministering a formulation containing a subject compound. As describedin more detail herein, such formulations may include any of a number ofadditives and/or additional active agents, and such formulations may beprepared in any of a variety of dosage forms. In some embodiments,treatment of a subject disease using a compound involves determiningthat the person has a subject disease associated with pathogeniclipoxygenase activity. Such determination may be made by any meansappropriate for the particular condition, including blood tests andimaging tests.

In some embodiments, the methods involve measuring a lipoxygenaseactivity (such as a 5-LOX, 12-LOX, or 15-LOX, or combination thereof) ina patient prior to treatment with a subject compound, after treatmentwith a subject compound, or both prior to and after treatment. In someembodiments, the methods involve measuring a level of a lipoxygenasemetabolite in a patient. An example metabolite is 12(S)- HETE. In thesemethods, measuring enzyme activity or measuring metabolite levels may becarried out using any appropriate sample from the person, such as a bodyfluid (e.g., blood, urine, etc.).

All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned herein arehereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. However, where apatent, patent application, or publication containing expressdefinitions is incorporated by reference, those express definitionsshould be understood to apply to the incorporated patent, patentapplication, or publication in which they are found, and not to theremainder of the text of this application, in particular the claims ofthis application.

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the preferred specific embodiments thereof, that theforegoing description and the examples that follow are intended toillustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. It will beunderstood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be madeand equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope ofthe invention, and further that other aspects, advantages andmodifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which theinvention pertains.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Compound (1) was found to inhibit Akt and ERK activation by inhibiting12-LOX mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid.

Compound (1) was found to have no adverse effects on glucose metabolismin mice. Unlike direct inhibitors of PI3K or Akt, Compound (1) has noadverse effects on fasting glucose levels or body weights after 14 daysof oral treatment with Compound (1) at 500 mg/kg/day, a dose more than10 times higher than that needed for antitumor activity.

Screening a broad selection of kinase targets, including Akt(1,2,3),PI3K, and PDK1, indicated that Compound (1) is not a kinase inhibitor.Screening a broad selection of 41 enzyme targets, including 5-LOX,12-LOX and 15-LOX, Compound (1) selectively inhibits 12-lipoxygenaseenzyme activity.

The effects of compounds on the activity of the human 12-LOX werequantified by measuring the ferric oxidation of xylenol orange fromarachidonic acid in human blood platelets and Compound (1) (10 uM) wasfound to inhibit 12-LOX enzyme activity in cell-based assay.

Screening of a panel of 45 kinases and 37 enzymes indicated thatCompound (1) selectively inhibits human 12-LOX with an IC50 of 10 nM ina cell-based enzyme assay.

Example 2 Active Bisindole Compounds

Inhibitory activity against a panel of lipoxygenases was demonstrated incell-based assays, e.g. for 5-LOX, we used a fluorescence-based enzymeassay of human 5-LOX (Anal. Biochem., 364:204.), and for 12-LOX, we useda colorimetric method to determine platelet 12-LOX activity (Anal.biochem., 231:354). Table 3 provides results for exemplary subjectbisindole compounds on 5-LOX, 12-LOX and 15-LOX.

A neuronal cell-based screening assay capable of sensitive and selectivedetection of secreted Aβ40 and Aβ42 was established. Mouse neuro-2Aneuroblastoma (N2A) cells were co-transfected with pSV2neo selectionplasmid and a human APP gene carrying the K670N/M671L Swedish mutations(APPswe) that are known to cause early-onset AD. The transfected cellswere selected in G418-containing medium, and single colonies wereanalyzed for the expression of APPswe. The resulting stable cell line,N2A-APPswe, provides a platform for screening inhibitors that alter Aβformation from the human APPswe gene. Levels of secreted Aβ40 and Aβ42in the medium can be quantified by ELISA kits. Table 4 provides resultsfor exemplary subject bisindole compounds on amyloid-beta (Abeta)formation at 5 μM after 24 hours treatment in N2A-APPswe cells.

TABLE 3 In vitro lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition % Inhibition at 3 μMChemical structure 5-LOX 12-LOX 15-LOX-2

90 78 46

85 89 25

70 77 19

85 73 24

95 79 66

86 80 51

79 79 43

94 78 61

92 88 55

91 80 45

77 77 17

75 85 17

87 87 41

37 75 10

95 77 63

52 76 16

 80*  12* Not test *% of inhibition at 10 μM

TABLE 4 Effect of SRI compounds on amyloid-beta (Abeta) formation at 5μM after 24 hours treatment in N2A-APPswe cells Abeta 40 formation Abeta42 formation Chemical structure (% of control) (% of control)

79 76

66 54

86 75

81 71

82 58

71  9

69 59

86 62

89 69

68 55

93 67

70 48

65 52

75 35

74 42

53 30

77 43

81 47

82 19

66 36

66 36

59  3

95 25

77  8

TABLE 5 Examples of other active bis-indoles.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of inhibiting a lipoxygenase in cellsdetermined to be in need thereof, comprising contacting the cells with abisindole of formula (I):

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹¹ are substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl,C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀arylcarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonato, C₆-C₂₀ arylcarbonato,carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl, mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono-substitutedarylcarbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, carbamido, cyano, isocyano, cyanato,isocyanato, dihydroxyboryl, di-(C₁-C₂₄)-alkoxyboryl, isothiocyanato,azido, formyl, thioformyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₂₄alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C₅-C₂₀ aryl)-substituted amino,C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido, C₆-C₂₀ arylamido, imino, alkylimino, arylimino,nitro, nitroso, sulfo, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl,C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀arylsulfonyl, phosphono, phosphonato, phosphinato, phospho, phosphino,and combinations thereof, and further wherein any two adjacent (ortho)substituents selected from R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ may belinked to form a cyclic structure selected from five-membered rings,six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/or six-membered rings,wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic, heteroaromatic, orheteroalicyclic, and has zero to 4 non-hydrogen substituents and zero to3 heteroatoms; and R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, formyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, (C₁-C₂₄alkylamino)-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)amino-substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and nitrogen protecting groups; or a salt thereof.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the cells are isolated human cells in vitro.3. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells are in situ as part of aperson determined to be in need of lipoxygenase inhibition or sufferingfrom a disease associated with pathogenic lipoxygenase activity, otherthan a bacterial or viral infection, cancer or estrogen-dependentdisorder.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells are in situ as partof a person determined to be in need of lipoxygenase inhibition orsuffering from a disease associated with pathogenic lipoxygenaseactivity, other than a bacterial or viral infection, cancer orestrogen-dependent disorder, wherein the disease is selected from anacute or chronic inflammatory disease and a neurodegenerative disease.5. A method for treating a person with a neurodegenerative disease,comprising administering to the person an effective amount of acomposition comprising a bisindole of formula (I):

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ are substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄alkyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl,C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₀ aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl, C₆-C₂₀arylcarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonato, C₆-C₂₀ arylcarbonato,carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl, mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substitutedcarbamoyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono-substitutedarylcarbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, carbamido, cyano, isocyano, cyanato,isocyanato, dihydroxyboryl, di-(C₁-C₂₄)-alkoxyboryl, isothiocyanato,azido, formyl, thioformyl, amino, mono- and di-(C₁-C₂₄alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C₅-C₂₀ aryl)-substituted amino,C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido, C₆-C₂₀ arylamido, imino, alkylimino, arylimino,nitro, nitroso, sulfo, sulfonato, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl,C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₅-C₂₀ arylsulfinyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₅-C₂₀arylsulfonyl, phosphono, phosphonato, phosphinato, phospho, phosphino,and combinations thereof, and further wherein any two adjacent (ortho)substituents selected from R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ may belinked to form a cyclic structure selected from five-membered rings,six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/or six-membered rings,wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic, heteroaromatic, orheteroalicyclic, and has zero to 4 non-hydrogen substituents and zero to3 heteroatoms; and R¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, formyl, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, C₂-C₂₄alkoxycarbonyl, amino-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, (C₁-C₂₄alkylamino)-substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)amino-substitutedC₁-C₂₄ alkyl, and nitrogen protecting groups; or a salt thereof.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷ and R⁸ are hydrogen. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷, R⁸, R¹¹, and R¹² arehydrogen.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷, R⁸, R¹¹,and R¹² are hydrogen.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵,R⁷ and R⁸ are hydrogen; R² and R⁶ are independently selected from H,electron withdrawing groups; R¹, and R¹² are hydrogen or methyl; R⁹ isselected from H, optionally substituted, optionally hetero-, optionallycyclic C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, N, which may be an optionally substituted,optionally cyclic, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, optionallysubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkynyl, and optionally substituted nitrile, each ofwhich may optionally comprise a heteroatom, and electron withdrawinggroups; and/or R¹⁰ is selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl,optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄alkynyl, and optionally substituted nitrile, each of which mayoptionally comprise a heteroatom.
 10. The method of claim 5, wherein:R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁷ and R⁸ are hydrogen; R² and R⁶ are independentlyselected from H, electron withdrawing groups; R¹¹, and R¹² are hydrogenor methyl; R⁹ is selected from H, optionally substituted, optionallyhetero-, optionally cyclic C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, N, which may be an optionallysubstituted, optionally cyclic, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy,optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkynyl, and optionally substitutednitrile, each of which may optionally comprise a heteroatom, andelectron withdrawing groups; and/or R¹⁰ is selected from optionallysubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy,optionally substituted C₁-C₂₄ alkynyl, and optionally substitutednitrile, each of which may optionally comprise a heteroatom.
 11. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the bisindole is selected from compound 1 anda compound of Table 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or a salt thereof.
 12. The methodof claim 5 wherein the bisindole is selected from compound 1 and acompound of Table 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or a salt thereof.
 13. The method ofclaim 5 wherein the bisindole is selected from compound 1 and a compoundof Table 3 or 4, or a salt thereof.
 14. The method of claim 1 whereinthe bisindole is compound 1:

or a salt thereof.
 15. The method of claim 4 wherein the bisindole iscompound 1:

or a salt thereof.
 16. The method of claim 5 wherein the bisindole iscompound 1:

or a salt thereof.
 17. The method of claim 5, further comprising: (i)measuring a lipoxygenase activity in a sample of the person; (ii)determining a level of a lipoxygenase metabolite in a sample of theperson; or (iii) determining the person has the disease.
 18. The methodof claim 1, wherein the disease is: (i) an acute or chronic inflammatorydisease that is asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory boweldisease, psoriasis, hereditary ichthyosis, dermatitis, nephritis,atherosclerosis, or cardiovascular disease, or (ii) a neurodegenerativedisease that is age-related neurodegeneration, amyloid beta- associateddisease, Alzheimer's Disease, ischemia-related disorder,creutzfeldt-jakob dosease/prion peptide toxicity, ALS, dementia orParkinson Disease.
 19. A composition comprising a compound of formula(I), supra, and a second anti-neurodegenerative disease drug.
 20. Amethod for identifying a lipoxygenase inhibitor, comprising the step ofscreening for lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of a compound of claim19.